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troll

[A word or series of words of uncertain origin, and of which all the senses do not go closely together. It is generally derived from OF. troller, a hunting term, ‘to quest, to go in quest of game, without purpose’, of which Godefroy has one instance. This survives in mod.French (see Littré). Godefroy has also one example of traller, in Littré trôler ‘to lead or walk in all directions indiscriminately, to run here and there, to run about, ramble’. These may well be the same word, and trôler is by many referred to Ger. trollen ‘to roll’, though the senses are not the same. Both senses are found in English, but the word has also other senses not found in German or French.]

I. 1. intr. To move or walk about or to and fro; to ramble, saunter, stroll, ‘roll’; spec. (slang) of a homosexual: to walk the streets, or ‘cruise’, in search of a sexual encounter; cf. sense 13.
1377 LANGL. P. Pl. B. XVIII. 296 And {th}us hath he trolled [v.r. tollid] forth {th}is two & thretty wynter. [1561: see 15b.] 1691 tr. Emilianne's Frauds Rom. Monks (ed. 3) 107 Another sort of Pilgrims..who spend their time in trouling from one place of Devotion to another. 1942 E. LANGLEY Pea Pickers I. iii. 41 Past rows of hawthorn hedges in leaf, but lacking flowers, we trolled. 1967 A. WILSON No Laughing Matter III. 201 At first..I just got myself picked up... But later I started trolling. 1967 Listener 21 Dec. 814/3 They all come trolling on in form-hugging black and do evocative things with chairs and ladders and planks of wood. 1981 R. BARNARD Sheer Torture xi. 120, I trolled off quite happily and entered the house.

2. trans. To move (a ball, bowl, round body) by or as by rolling; to roll, bowl, trundle; to turn over and over, or round and round; to roll (the eyes); to throw (dice); spec. to trundle (a bowl) at the game of bowls (also absol.); also, to knock down by bowling.
c1425 St. Eliz. of Spalbeck in Anglia VIII. 117/12 Sche myghte not holde hir heed vpon a pillow..but..trollid it hyderwarde and {th}yderwarde. c1450 Two Cookery-bks. 95 Put all in a treen boll, and trull [v.r. twille] hit to-gidre with thi honde. 1572 [see TROLL-MADAM]. 1599 PORTER Angry Wom. Abingd. (Percy Soc.) 8 Let them trowle the bowles vppon the greene; Ile trowle the bowles in the buttery. 1628 SIR R. LE GRYS Barclay's Argenis 77 Shee trowled her angry eyes on euery side. 1647 FANSHAW Civ. Wars Rome Poems 301 The forbidden Dice to trowle. 1665 T. A. Excell. Roy. Hand 9 Taking a few Pease out of his Pocket,..he troll'd them along the Floor. 1699 J. DUNTON Life & Err. (1818) II. 594 The Duke was then flinging the first bowl. Next trowled the Bishop. 1821 GALT Ann. Parish xlv, The sinner..who loves to troll his iniquity like a sweet morsel under his tongue. 1822 SCOTT Nigel xxi, As I was wont to trowl down the ninepins in the skittle-ground. 1841 THACKERAY Drum I. iii, My Grandsire was trolling the [drum-]sticks.

3. intr. To roll; also, to turn round and round; to spin, whirl.
1581 MULCASTER Positions xix. (1887) 80 Children when they had their whirling gigges vnder the deuotion of their scourges, caused them to troule about the broad streates. 1626 BRETON Fantasticks, Easter Day (1857) 330 The Lovers eyes doe troule like Tennis balls. 1664 POWER Exp. Philos I. 18 Mites..trolling to and fro with this mealy dust..sticking to them. 1730 SWIFT Death & Daphne 88 How pleasant on the Banks of Styx, To troll it in a Coach and Six! 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midl. l, This is Lady{em}Lady{em}these tamn'd Southern names rin out o' my head like a stane trowling down hill. 1855 SINGLETON Virgil I. 80 Waggons..That lazy troll.

II. 4. a. intr. To move nimbly, as the tongue in speaking; to wag. Also said of a person. Obs. or arch.
a1616 BEAUMONT Ex-ale-tation of Ale xxxiv, Fill him but a boule, it will make his tongue troule. 1638 FORD Fancies III. iii, His tongue trouls like a mill-clack. 1828 Blackw. Mag. XXIV. 166 See how she trolls with the tongue.

b. trans. To move (the tongue) volubly. ?Obs.
1667 MILTON P.L. XI. 620 To sing, to dance, To dress, and troule the Tongue, and roule the Eye. 1747 [? UPTON] New Canto Spencer's F.Q. xviii. 12 How they troul the Tongue and roll the Eye.

{dag}5. fig. trans. To turn over in one's mind; to revolve, ponder, contemplate. Obs. rare{em}1.
1685 F. SPENCE tr. Varillas' Ho. Medicis 107 His Holiness.. had trolled in his understanding so black a crime.

III. {dag}6. trans. To cause to pass from one to another, hand round among the company present; esp. in phrase to troll the bowl. Hence troll-the-bowl as n., a tippler, carouser. Obs.
1575 Song in Gammer Gurton II. Bjb, Then dooth she trowle, to mee the bowle. 1599 PORTER Angry Wom. Abingd. Bijb, Where be..these trowle the bowles, these greene men? 1600 DEKKER Gentle Craft (1862) 4 Trowl the bowl, the jolly nut-brown bowl. 1819 SCOTT Ivanhoe II. vi. 88 Come, trowl the brown bowl to me.

{dag}7. intr. Of the vessel or its contents: To move or pass round the company; to circulate, be passed round. Obs.
1620 MIDDLETON Chaste Maid III. ii. 77 Now the cups troll about To wet the gossips' whistles. 1651 Miller of Mansf. 9 Nappie Ale..in a browne Bole Which did about the Board merrily trowle. 1808 SCOTT Marm. VI. Introd. 65 The wassel round, in good brown bowls, Garnish'd with ribbons, blithely trowls.

{dag}8. intr. To come in abundantly like a flowing stream; to ‘roll’ in. Obs.
1576 GASCOIGNE Steele Gl. (Arb.) 68 He that can winke at any foule abuse As long as gaines come trouling in therwith. a1627 MIDDLETON & ROWLEY Spanish Gypsy I. (1653) Cij, This little Ape gets money by the sack full, It troules upon her. 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Jack-a-Lent Wks. I. 117/1 The pide-coat Mackrell, Pilchard, Sprat, and Soale, To serve great Jacke-a-Lent amaine doe trole. 1689 HICKERINGILL Ceremony-Monger Concl. iii. Wks. 1716 II. 482 The Council of Sardica..saw this Develish Mischief coming trowling into the Church.

{dag}9. trans. To cause to roll or flow (in). Obs.
1573 TUSSER Husb. lix. (1878) 137 That trustily thriftines trowleth to thee. 1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe (1871) 40 To trowl in cash throughout all nations.

IV. 10. a. trans. To sing (something) in the manner of a round or catch; to sing in a full, rolling voice; to chant merrily or jovially. Const. forth, out. Cf. ROLL v.2 4b and TROLLY-LOLLY int.
Perh. originally fig. from 6 = to sing in succession, as a round or catch (each line being as it were passed on to the next singer).
1575, 1586 [see TROLLING vbl. n. 2]. 1610 SHAKES. Temp. III. ii. 126 Will you troule the Catch You taught me but whileare? 1672 SHADWELL Miser 1, If thou wert just now trolling out Hopkins and Sternhold. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby III. xxviii, But, hark! our merry-men so gay Troll forth another roundelay. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Romola ix, He could touch the lute and troll a gay song. 1881 R. L. STEVENSON Virginibus Puerisque 283 But let him feign never so carefully, there is not a man but has his pulses shaken when Pan trolls out a stave of ecstasy and sets the world a-singing. 1933 H. ALLEN Anthony Adverse III. IX. lxiv. 1190 At Anthony's suggestion they left off the doleful ballads which at first engrossed them and took to trolling more cheerful lays. 1951 N. M. GUNN Well at World's End xiv. 99 He felt like a voyageur..trolled a note or two and lifted his tweed hat as if it were a sombrero. 1977 Rolling Stone 16 June 69/2 When the Diamonds trolled ‘Them Never Love Poor Marcus’, I was moved.

b. intr. To sing in this way; to carol, warble.
1879 STEVENSON Trav. Cevennes 132 He trolled with ample lungs. 1881 {emem} Virg. Puerisque 281 Pan, the god of Nature,..trolling on his pipe until he charmed the hearts of upland ploughmen.

11. intr. Of bells: To give forth a recurring cadence of full, mellow tones; of a song: to sound or be uttered in a full, rolling, or jovial voice; transf. of a tune: to be present in or recur constantly to the mind, to ‘run in one's head’.
1607 [see TROLLING ppl. a.]. 1678 DRYDEN Kind Keeper III. i, I have had..a Tune trouling in my Head. 1682 H. ALDRICH Upon Christ Church Bells Oxf., O the bonny Christ Church Bells..they..trowle so merrily, merrily. 1813 [see TROLLING ppl. a.] 1890 BARRIE My Lady Nicotine xxx. 239 He strolled away, an air from ‘The Grand Duchess’ lightly trolling from his lips.

12. trans. To utter nimbly or rapidly; to recite in a full rolling voice. Also intr. of speech.
1625 B. JONSON Staple of N. IV. iv, If he runne To his Iudiciall Astrologie, And trowle the Trine, the Quartile and the Sextile. 1709 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem. I. 185 The old Ones Discourse trouls all upon Virtue. 1850 L. HUNT Autobiog. III. xix. 50 They speak well out, trolling the words clearly over the tongue. 1874 BLACKIE Horæ Hellen. 292 Greek trimeters may be trolled off from the British tongue, as glibly as any hexameters. 1948 J. BERRYMAN Dispossessed 77 Now Tell me. Troll me the sources of that Song{em}Assigned last week{em}by Blake. 1971 K. MILLETT Sexual Politics (1972) II. iii. 137 The old scholar chuckles while trolling the more rakish passages of Catullus.

V. 13. Angling. intr. To angle with a running line (? orig. with the line running on a ‘troll’ or winch); also (trans.) to fish (water) in this way; spec. a. to fish for pike by working a dead bait (usually on a gorge hook) by a sink-and-draw motion; b. (trans. and intr.), to angle with a spinning bait: = SPIN v. 12a, b; c. in U.S. and Sc. use (perh. through association with trail or trawl), to trail a baited line behind a boat. Also fig.
In quot. 1606 perh. confused with TRAWL.
1606 S. GARDINER Bk. Angling 28 Consider how God by his Preachers trowleth for thee. 1651-7 [see TROLLING vbl. n. 3]. 1675 CROWNE Country Wit v, Here have I been angling and trowling for my Father-in-law, and have had him at my hook all day. 1682 NOBBES Compl. Troller (1822) 226 In some places, they troll without a rod, or playing the bait, as I have seen them throw a line out of a boat, and so let it draw after them as they row. 1711 GAY Rural Sports I. 264 Nor drain I ponds the golden carp to take, Nor trowle for pikes, dispeoplers of the lake. 1764 GOLDSM. Trav. 187 The peasant..With patient angle trolls the finny deep. 1814-24 P. HAWKER Instr. Yng. Sportsm. 173 Trolling, or spinning a minnow, is the other most general mode of trout fishing. 1831 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) III. 144/2 Trolling, in the more limited sense of the word, signifies catching fish with the gorge-hook, which is composed of two, or what is called a double eel-hook. 1864 WEBSTER, Troll,..to angle..with a hook drawn along the surface of the water. 1881 Harper's Mag. Nov. 831, I troll a cast of flies. 1891 LANG Angling Sk. 5 Trolling a minnow from a boat in Loch Leven{em}probably the lowest possible form of angling. 1966 E. LINDALL Time too Soon iv. 51 Kamindo had rebuffed him when he had trolled for information. 1984 Monitor (McAllen, Texas) 1 May 6A/3 It will troll the Earth's upper atmosphere for magnetospheric, atmospheric and gravitational data.

{dag}14. fig. trans. To draw on as with a moving bait; to entice, allure. Obs.
1565 GOLDING Ovid's Met. II. (1593) 33 They troll me downe to lower waies. 1638 FORD Lady's Trial V. I foster a decoy here, And she trowls on her ragged customer. 1684 J. GOODMAN Winter-even. Confer. I. (1705) 21 The hopes he is fed withal trowls him on.

VI. {dag}15. Phrases. a. Hawking. (?)
a1529 SKELTON Ware the Hauke 116 With troll, cytrace [?trytrace], and trouy, They ranged, hankin bouy. 1575 R. B. Appius & Virginia Bj, With hey tricke, how trowle, trey trip, and trey trace Trowle hazard in a vengeance.

{dag}b. troll and troll by, troll hazard, troll with, as ns., names for various ‘orders of knaves’: see quot. and cf. sense 1. Obs. Cant.
1561 J. AWDELAY Frat. Vacab. (E.E.T.S.) 12 Troll and Trol by, is he that setteth naught by no man nor no man by him. Troll with is he that no man shall know the seruaunt from ye Maister... Troll hazard of trace is he that goeth behynde his Maister as far as he may see hym... Troll hazard of tritrace, is he that goeth gaping after his Master.

 

1.sakidori

japanese term for "grasping ahead"

used to describe hectic life of school children in Japan

2.sociopath

sociopath

[f. SOCIO-, after PSYCHOPATH.]

Someone with a personality disorder manifesting itself chiefly in anti-social attitudes and behaviour. Hence socio{sm}pathic a.; soci{sm}opathy.
1930 G. E. PARTRIDGE in Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry X. 55 A conspicuous number who..may justly be termed ‘sociopathic’. Ibid., We may use the term ‘sociopathy’ to mean anything deviated or pathological in social relations. Ibid. 56 We may exclude from the class of essential sociopaths those whose inadequacy is primarily related to physical weakness, fear, hypersensitiveness, shyness and self-blame. 1940 HINSIE & SCHATZKY Psychiatric Dict. 493/1 Sociopathy, this term has generally been used to designate an abnormal or pathological mental attitude toward the environment. 1962 L. YABLONSKY Violent Gang (1967) xii. 216 The violent-gang structure recruits its participants from the more sociopathic youths living in the disorganized-slum community. 1968 Listener 26 Sept. 408/1 In America ‘psychopathy’ has been replaced by ‘sociopathy’. 1976 SMYTHIES & CORBETT Psychiatry iii. 29 Many sociopaths come from appalling backgrounds or from genetically afflicted families.

 

meritricious


Forms: 16- meretricious, 18- (irreg.) meritricious. [< classical Latin meretrcius (< meretrc-, meretrx MERETRIX n. + -ius, suffix forming adjectives) + -OUS. Cf. Italian meretricioso (14th cent.). Cf. earlier MERETRIC a., and later MERETRICIAL a.]

A. adj.

1. Of, relating to, or befitting a prostitute; having the character of a prostitute. Obs. (arch. in later use).

1626 BACON New Atlantis 27 in Sylva, The Delight in Meretricious Embracements, (wher sinne is turned into Art) maketh Marriage a dull thing. 1664 H. MORE Expos. 7 Epist. (1669) 101 Jezebel,..for all her paintings and fine meretricious pranking her self up,..was to be thrown out at the window. 1765 W. BLACKSTONE Comm. Laws Eng. I. 436 It is a meretricious, and not a matrimonial, union. 1809 B. H. MALKIN tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas VII. vii, A young stagefinch who had evidently suffered himself to be caught in the birdlime of her professional or meretricious talents. 1814 SHELLEY in Crit. Rev. Dec. 572 The lying and meretricious prude.
2. Alluring by false show; showily or superficially attractive but having in reality no value or integrity.

1633 P. FLETCHER Purple Island VIII. ix, Strip thou their meretricious seemlinesse. 1662 S. PATRICK Brief Acct. Latitude-men in Phenix II. 503 The meretricious Gaudiness of the Church of Rome, and the squallid Sluttery of Fanatick Conventicles. 1709-10 J. ADDISON Tatler No. 120 5 The Front of it was raised on Corinthian Pillars, with all the meretricious Ornaments that accompany that Order. 1790 E. BURKE Refl. Revol. in France 59 A lust of meretricious glory. 1843 W. H. PRESCOTT Hist. Conquest Mexico I. I. vi. 157 The meretricious ornaments..with which the minstrelsy of the East is usually tainted. 1846 T. WRIGHT Ess. Middle Ages I. v. 185 The style he aims at is gaudy and meretricious. 1879 L. G. SEGUIN Black Forest vi. 85 The meretricious excitement of the gambling-room. 1931 V. WOOLF Waves 34 All here is false; all is meretricious. 1988 A. LURIE Truth about Lorin Jones xi. 194 Like a stage set after the lights have been turned off, Key West had lost its meretricious charm.
B. n. With the. That which is meretricious about a person, creative work, etc.

1837 Southern Lit. Messenger 3 707 The gaudy, the meretricious, the violent, the exaggerated, it preferred to those severer charms and milder beauties which are revealed only to the pure in spirit. 1838 E. BULWER-LYTTON Alice I. II. i. 125 No critic ever more readily detected the meretricious and the false. 1974 S. DELANY Dhalgren iii. 126 Where candle-light had made her seem a big-boned whore, smoke-light and a brown suit took all the meretricious from her rough, red hair and made her an elementary-school assistant principal. 1992 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 26 Apr. 1/1 Lately..words that end in ‘oid’ have become synonyms for the meretricious: sleazoid, Marxoid, tabloid.
meretriciously adv.

1755 JOHNSON Dict. Eng. Lang., *Meretriciously. 1797 E. BURKE Tracts Laws Popery in Wks. (1812) V. 258 And meretriciously to hunt abroad after foreign affections. 1885 G. MEREDITH Diana I. iv. 79 Meretriciously spangled and daubed. 1994 Film Comment Jan.-Feb. 64/2 This is a grownup movie that..exposes the similarly themed, contemporaneous film of Alan Parker, Shoot the Moon, as meretriciously showy.
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police state

A state regulated by means of a national police force having secret supervision and control of the activities of citizens. Also attrib.
1865 Times 6 Sept. 10/3 Austria was long known on the Continent as the ‘police State’, and..M. von Weiss will again obtain for her that unenviable title. 1896 B. RUSSELL German Social Democracy iv. 114 This infamous Law, the crowning endeavour of the enlightened police state. 1938 New Statesman 15 Jan. 74/1 Meanwhile, the atmosphere of the ‘police state’ is already with us. 1939 War Illustr. 28 Oct. 217/1 Spies are everywhere; indeed, Germany is the modern exemplification of the ‘police state’ in action. 1947 Life 7 June 37/1 They have failed in France and Italy because the peoples have had a chance to show their preference for Western democracy over a police state. 1950 G. B. SHAW Farfetched Fables 79 In the imagination of our amateur politician England is a Utopia in which everything and everybody is ‘free’ and all other countries ‘police States’. I, being Irish, know better. 1959 Listener 8 Oct. 573/2 The Devlin Commission reported that Nyasaland has been turned into a ‘police state’. 1967 COULTHARD & SMITH in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Management Technol. 197 Short of introducing a police-state, in which people are directed to jobs and change them only with State approval, we must accept a degree of labour turnover as necessary and desirable. 1973 Times 12 Apr. 19/4 That Rhodesia is a police state, where the rights of individuals, the rule of law and the right to speak or report the truth count for nothing, is a fact for which there has long been ample evidence. 1975 Times 11 Jan. 12/6 A campaign to spot the terrorists before they act..requires measures which smack of the police state.

 

intransigent

A. adj. That refuses to come to terms or make any compromise (in politics); uncompromising, irreconcilable.
{alpha} 1883 Guardian 18 Apr. 554/2 He saw the moderate portion of the Republican party submerged by the advancing tide of intransigeant radicalism. 1893 Nation (N.Y.) 6 July 6/1 Richter and his friends..have always been as intransigeant as Liebknecht and his associates. 1899 Daily News 5 July 8/3 The President is as intransigeant as ever on the franchise question.
{beta} 1881 Daily News 23 Dec. 5/5 The intransigent attitude of the Judges [who opposed altering the system of judicial vacations]. 1894 Speaker 14 July 44/2 Christian XVI. is a king of intransigent principles, a king with a faith in his providential mission; zealous, rigid, narrow.

B. n. An irreconcilable (in politics); an uncompromising Republican.
1879 M. PATTISON Milton xi. 122 The party of anti-Oliverian republicans, the Intransigentes, became one of the greatest difficulties of the Government. 1883 19th Cent. Sept. 539 It is quite right to have an eye over the Intransigeants and the Royalists. 1899 Q. Rev. Oct. 514 Certain of the Intransigents..are averse to a reconciliation between Italy and the Papal See.

Hence in{sm}transigentism, the principles of intransigents. in{sm}transigentist, an intransigent.
1882 GOLDW. SMITH in Pop. Sci. Monthly XX. 757 Communism, intransigentism, and nihilism are not well represented in scientific reunions. 1893 {emem} Ess. 2 Satanism manifests itself in different countries under various forms and names, such as Nihilism, Intransigentism, Petrolean Communism. 1898 Daily News 11 Mar. 5/3 The only real enemy the Progressive cause has to fear is a spirit of intolerance and intransigentism within its own ranks.

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disinformation

a. The dissemination of deliberately false information, esp. when supplied by a government or its agent to a foreign power or to the media, with the intention of influencing the policies or opinions of those who receive it; false information so supplied. Cf. black propaganda s.v. BLACK a. 19a; PROPAGANDA 3.
1955 Times 3 June 6/1 The elimination of every form of propaganda and disinformation, as well as of other forms of conduct which create distrust or in any other way impede the establishment of an atmosphere conducive to constructive international cooperation and to the peaceful coexistence of nations. 1967 Observer 10 Dec. 4/4 This works hand in hand with ‘disinformation’, designed to make people believe that Soviet society and Soviet policies are not what they are. 1971 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 9 Aug. 4/10 A former Czechoslovak spy and Government official has given a Senate panel a glimpse into ‘black propaganda’{em}the art of disinformation. 1975 New Republic 30 June 8/1 One technique of the Central Intelligence Agency..is dis-information...The Agency has expensive facilities for producing fake documents and other means for misleading foreigners. 1977 ‘J. LE CARRÉ’ Honourable Schoolboy i. 35 Only those at the inmost point saw things differently. To them, old Craw's article was a discreet masterpiece of disinformation. 1984 Daily Tel. 9 Oct. 9/2 It is Sir James' position that..the Soviets made a conscious decision to seek to discredit the West German politician..and mounted a campaign of defamation, disinformation and provocation against him.

b. attrib.
1967 Sunday Mail Mag. (Brisbane) 26 Nov. 3/4 The CIA claims the disinformation department [of the KGB] was established in 1959. 1975 Economist 9 Aug. 36/2 Alternatively, the episode could be a ‘disinformation’ exercise, designed to draw attention to the methods of Chile's security services. 1977 Washington Post 6 Mar. A14/4 The US embassy said today that it was ‘a classical disinformation piece laced with slander and innuendo and as such unworthy of further comment at this time’. 1979 Daily Tel. 23 July 5/4 Disinformation campaigns to deceive Western opinion. 1983 Listener 1 Sept. 24/1 He surveyed the range of surveillance and disinformation technology which modern technology has placed in the hands of governments.

Hence (as a back-formation) disin{sm}form v. trans., to supply with false information.
1978 Guardian Weekly 30 July 13 Advocates of the change say..that foreign intelligence services today are increasingly using so-called influencing agents for subverting, deceiving and disinforming French public opinion. 1980 DE BORCHGRAVE & MOSS The Spike 85 He had proved a willing collaborator in their efforts to disinform the American press.

[Oxford English Dictionary]

 

kudos

[a. Gr. {kappa}{gufrown}{delta}{omicron}{fsigma} praise, renown.]

Glory, fame, renown.
1831 Fraser's Mag. III. 391 He obtained kudos immense. 1841 DISRAELI 23 Feb. in Corr. w. Sister (1886) 171, I am spoken of with great kudos in ‘Cecil’. 1859 DARWIN in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 168 Lyell has read about half of the volume in clean sheets, and gives me very great kudos. 1889 Boy's Own Paper 17 Aug. 729/1 Our champion was held to have lost no kudos in the encounter. 1970 G. F. NEWMAN Sir, You Bastard vii. 196 News services buzzed, but George Doodie sought no kudos; his name was mentioned only once. 1972 J. CREASEY Splinter of Glass vii. 55 He wanted Roger to take the kicks if this failed but was prepared to give him the kudos if the use of the newspapers succeeded.

¶Sometimes erron. treated as pl. ({sm}kju{lm}d{schwa}{shtu}z); so {sm}kudo (back-formation) sing., honourable mention, praise for an achievement (see also quot. 1941).
1941 J. SMILEY Hash House Lingo 34 Kudo, good standing with the management. 1950 F. ALLEN in G. Marx Groucho Lett. (1967) 73 A man sitting on a toilet bowl swung open the men's room door and added his kudo to the acclaim. 1961 Wall Street Jrnl. (Eastern ed.) 18 Oct. 12/2 This did not win Mr. Eisenhower many kudos in the press. 1963 Life 19 Apr. 29/2 A kudo to Life for a fine story on baseball's spring training. 1972 Sunday Mirror 17 Sept. 47/1 This below-strength Chelsea side captured the few kudos that were going. 1972 Homes & Gardens Nov. 60 It seems almost a kudos to have a lady pilot. 1972 Bankers' Mag. Winter 23/2 Kudos are expressed to Messrs. Gene Jackson, Joel Anderson, and John Tolford for their aid.

Hence {sm}kudize v., {sm}kudos v. (nonce-wds.), to praise, laud, glorify.
1799 SOUTHEY Eng. Ecl., etc., Poet. Wks. III. 57 Lauded in pious Latin to the skies; Kudos'd egregiously in heathen Greek. 1873 M. COLLINS Squire Silchester I. xix. 234 He kudized Louisa, who blushed when he compared her to Penthesilea.

[Oxford English Dictionary]

 

propaganda

1. (More fully, Congregation or College of the Propaganda.) A committee of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church having the care and oversight of foreign missions, founded in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV.
1718 OZELL tr. Tournefort's Voy. Levant II. 237 The Congregation of the Propaganda gives them at present but twenty five Roman Crowns a Man. 1819 T. HOPE Anastasius (1820) I. ix. 168 An Italian missionary of the Propaganda. 1851 GALLENGA Italy II. iii. 70 The Propaganda was busy in Paraguay, or Otaheite.

2. Any association, systematic scheme, or concerted movement for the propagation of a particular doctrine or practice.
Sometimes erroneously treated as a plural (= efforts or schemes of propagation) with singular propagandum, app. after memorandum, -da.
1790 J. MACPHERSON Let. 27 Sept. in A. Aspinall Corresp. George, Prince of Wales (1964) II. 98 All Kings have..a new race of Pretenders to contend with, the disciples of the propaganda at Paris or, as they call themselves, Les Ambassadeurs de genre humain. 1797 Gentl. Mag. Aug. 687 The Propaganda, a society whose members are bound, by solemn engagements, to stir up subjects against their lawful rulers. 1842 BRANDE Dict. Sci. etc., s.v., Derived from this celebrated society, the name propaganda is applied in modern political language as a term of reproach to secret associations for the spread of opinions and principles which are viewed by most governments with horror and aversion. 1868 G. DUFF Pol. Surv. 36 Their propaganda represents nothing more than a mere idiosyncrasy. 1879 FARRAR St. Paul I. 208 It seems unlikely that Saul should at once have been able to substitute a propaganda for an inquisition. 1896 Brit. Weekly XXII. 340/2 The opportunity and occasion for a vigorous and effective propaganda.

3. The systematic propagation of information or ideas by an interested party, esp. in a tendentious way in order to encourage or instil a particular attitude or response. Also, the ideas, doctrines, etc., disseminated thus; the vehicle of such propagation.
1908 LILLEY & TYRRELL tr. Programme of Modernism 102 The Church..soon felt a need of new methods of propaganda and government. 1911 G. B. SHAW Blanco Posnet 324 Though we tolerate..the propaganda of Anarchism as a political theory..we clearly cannot..tolerate assassination of rulers on the ground that it is ‘propaganda by deed’ or sociological experiment. 1929 G. SELDES You can't print That! 427 The term propaganda has not the sinister meaning in Europe which it has acquired in America... In European business offices the word means advertising or boosting generally. 1938 R. G. COLLINGWOOD Princ. Art ii. 32 Where a certain practical activity is stimulated as expedient, that which stimulates it is advertisement or (in the current modern sense, not the old sense) propaganda. 1957 R. N. C. HUNT Guide to Communist Jargon 132 The Soviet Government not only has an elaborate machinery for conducting such propaganda abroad..but also does the same at home through the press, radio, films etc. 1974 Anderson (S. Carolina) Independent 23 Apr. 4A/6 CIA went on employing propaganda fronts long after anybody except professionals on both sides was paying any attention to the propaganda. 1976 A. J. RUSSELL Pour Hemlock xiv. 166 White propaganda, the truth; gray, a composition of half-truths and distortions; or black, a pack of lies.

4. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 3) propaganda campaign, chief, film, fund, leaflet, meeting, play, poster, raid, technique, war, warfare, work; propaganda machine, an organization responsible for the dissemination of propaganda.
1937 KOESTLER Spanish Testament vi. 133 One of the most effective propaganda campaigns launched by the rebels was that relating to the alleged shooting of hostages by the Madrid Government. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XV. 39/2 Today several hundred more or less scholarly books and thousands of articles shed substantial light on the psychology, techniques, and effects of propaganda campaigns, major and minor. 1942 Short Guide Gr. Brit. (U.S. War Dept.) 1 The first and major duty Hitler has given his propaganda chiefs is to separate Britain and America. 1950 KOESTLER in God that Failed 27 The absurdity of a propaganda-chief who only reads his own paper. 1973 D. MAY Laughter in Djakarta x. 161 It's a propaganda film..anti-neo-colonialism. 1978 CADOGAN & CRAIG Women & Children First x. 224 According to widely shown propaganda films, the most adept German spy was bound to give himself away eventually through mispronunciation. 1842 Communist Chronicle & Communitarian Apostle I. v. 77 The propaganda fund shall be devoted to the propagation of the doctrines of communism. 1947 F. FRENAYE tr. C. Levi's Christ stopped at Eboli (1948) xvii. 162 When their ship came back to Trieste from Odessa, Communist propaganda leaflets were found on board. 1978 A. WAUGH Best Wine Last xv. 178 The propaganda leaflets that our aeroplanes scattered behind the German lines. 1948 Propaganda machine [see MACHINE n. 8]. 1972 H. MACINNES Message from Malaga ii. 35 A propaganda machine is only as effective as people are stupid. 1978 F. MACLEAN Take Nine Spies iv. 153 The Russians only responded with counter-blasts from their own propaganda machine. 1899 Two Worlds 6 Jan. 7/1 Propaganda meetings will be conducted in the Cowgate-street Club and the Labour Institute. 1905 Westm. gas. 24 Jan. 3/1 A propaganda play. 1945 New Yorker 31 Mar. 52/1 A propaganda poster pasted on the remaining walls. 1979 Listener 1 Nov. 604/3 English [war] propaganda posters are bland alongside those of America, Holland or Sweden. 1934 Ann. Reg. 1933 I. 181 On July 1 occurred the first of a series of propaganda raids by German aeroplanes over the Austrian frontier, when leaflets abusing the Dollfuss Government were dropped. 1927 H. D. LASSWELL (title) Propaganda technique in the World War. 1975 New Yorker 21 Apr. 133/1 The Communists are taking full advantage of their highly developed propaganda techniques. 1838 tr. Recoll. Caulincourt, Duke of Vicenza I. iv. 74 The English Cabinet was well aware that a propaganda war was impossible as long as Russia should continue allied to France. 1854 J. S. C. ABBOTT Napoleon (1855) II. xii. 197 Aware that a propaganda war was impossible as long as Russia should continue allied to France. 1974 D. SEAMAN Bomb that could Lip-Read vi. 49 The I.R.A...are already winning the propaganda war, the one that finally matters. 1979 Guardian 22 Feb. 6/1 The [Russian] propaganda war against China continues to intensify. 1942 R.A.F. Jrnl. 18 Apr. 31 Propaganda warfare in the field was used. 1898 Westm. gas. 25 Jan. 5/3 We would rather see our money spent in propaganda work than paying election expenses.

[Oxford English Dictionary]

 

lacuna


1. In a manuscript, an inscription, the text of an author: A hiatus, blank, missing portion. Also transf.
1663 SIR R. MORAY in Lauderd. Papers (Camden) I. 181 You do well to leave no Lacunas in your letters. 1694 GIBSON in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 228 The lacuna of his behaviour in Holland, Dr. Gregory perhaps may be able to make up. 1851 D. WILSON Preh. Ann. IV. v. (1863) II. 326 The context which fills up the numerous lacunae of the time-worn inscription. 1875 MAINE Hist. Inst. ix. 256 The description given..is followed by a lacuna in the manuscript. 1892 ZANGWILL Bow Myst. 147 There were various lacunæ and hypotheses in the case for the defence.

2. Chiefly in physical science: A gap, an empty space, spot, or cavity. a. gen.
1872 PROCTOR Ess. Astron. xxiv. 303 The gaps and lacunae are left relatively clear of lucid stars. 1879 RUTLEY Study Rocks x. 107 Fluid lacunae..are of frequent occurrence in nepheline. 1880 Sat. Rev. 15 May 637 The curious lacuna in the field of vision, known as the blind spot.

b. Anat. ‘A mucous follicle; also, a space in the connective tissue giving origin to a lymphatic’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1888).
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Lacunæ are certain small Pores or Passages in the Neck of the Womb. 1722 QUINCY Lex. Physico-Med. (ed. 2) 175 Between this Muscle [Sphincter] and the inner membrane of the Vagina, there are several little Glands, whose excretory Ducts are called Lacunæ. 1874 VAN BUREN Dis. Genit. Org. 77 Inflammation seals the orifice of the follicle and the lacuna is converted into a cyst containing pus.

c. Anat. One of the small cavities in the bone substance which contain the bone corpuscles or osteoblasts (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1888).
1845 TODD & BOWMAN Phys. Anat. I. 109 They [pores] soon arrange themselves in sets, each of which..discharges itself into a small cavity or lacuna. 1859 [see LACUNAL a.]. 1867 J. HOGG Microsc. I. ii. 57 The observation of..the Haversian canals and the lacunæ of bones.

d. Zool. One of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, which serve in place of vessels for the circulation of the body fluids.
1867 J. HOGG Microsc. II. iii. 566 Minute capillary ramifications [in flukes] terminating in small oval shaped sacs or lacunæ.

e. Bot. An air-space in the cellular tissue of plants, an air-cell. Also, a small pit or depression on the upper surface of the thallus of lichens.
1836 LOUDON Encycl. Plants 948 [Lichens] Lacunæ are small hollows or pits on the upper surface of the frond. 1856 in HENSLOW Dict. Bot. Terms. 1874 COOKE Fungi 41 In Tuburcinia, the minute cells are compacted into a hollow sphere, having lacunæ communicating with the interior.

 

paleography

1. a. The study of ancient writing and inscriptions; the science or art of deciphering and interpreting historical manuscripts and writing systems.
1806 A. CLARKE Bibliographical Misc. ii. 202 (table) Literary, ancient, modern, Bibliography, Paleography. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVII. 149/1 The study of antient documents, called by modern antiquaries ‘Palæography’. 1859 T. J. GULLICK & J. TIMBS Painting 100 The art of deciphering ancient writings, or palæography. 1885 SIR E. M. THOMPSON in Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 143 Palæography is the study of ancient handwriting from surviving examples. 1894 Oxf. Univ. gas. 24 412/1 Medieval Latin palaeography and diplomatic. 1963 Trans. Cambr. Bibliogr. Soc. 3 364 The English usage whereby palaeography is taken to include, as a matter of course, every aspect of the manuscript book..is worth keeping. 1980 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 4 Aug. A18/1 She..received an M.A. degree in medieval Latin and paleography from University College of the University of London. 1994 Times 14 Apr. 19/3 He was a student of palaeography with Lowe... He displayed exceptional acumen in the study of early bookhands.

b. Ancient writing; an ancient style or method of writing.
1822 Q. Rev. 26 195 Dr. Young..whose acuteness and learning seem calculated to subdue the difficulties of Palæography. 1857 S. BIRCH Hist. Anc. Pott. (1858) I. 197 Judging from the palæography of the inscriptions, they may have been in use from the age of Augustus to that of..Severus. 1900 G. C. BRODRICK Mem. & Impressions 255 Freeman..thought it a waste of time for an historian to grub in palæography. 1970 J. MCN. DODGSON Place-names Cheshire I. 72 The transition from Birc(h)- to Birt- is obscured by the palæography of -t(h)-, -c(h)-, undistinguishable in many sources. 1994 Armenian Internat. Mag. (Nexis) 30 Sept. 76 The first [project] is an Album of Armenian paleography.

2. = PALEOGEOGRAPHY n.
1896 Geogr. Jrnl. 8 67 Principles of palæography.{em}The value of palæontology, meaning of archæan land masses; search for ancient shore-lines..ancient mountains. 1945 Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 29 438 It is apparent from the angular relations between latitides and longitudes that the distortion is great near the margins in the higher latitudes.., areas in which lines are rarely critically placed in paleography because information is scanty. 1995 Science 21 July 361 (caption) A comparison of proposed middle Miocene paleography and present terrestrial habitats of tropical South America.

 

1. exist

1. To have place in the domain of reality, have objective being.
1605 SHAKES. Lear I. i. 114 The orbs From whom we do exist. a1716 SOUTH Serm. (1737) I. ii. 45 To conceive the world..to have existed from eternity. 1793 BLACKSTONE Comm. (ed. 12) 593 Corporations which exist by force of the common law. 1797 GODWIN Enquirer I. vi. 41 The Roman historians are the best that ever existed. 1846 MILL Logic I. iii. §6 The man called father might still exist though there were no child. 1871 MORLEY Voltaire (1886) 14 The conception of justice towards heretics did not exist (in unscientific ages).
2. To have being in a specified place or under specified conditions. With advb. phrase or as; formerly with simple complement. Of relations, circumstances, etc.: To subsist, be found, occur.
1602 MARSTON Antonio's Rev. IV. i, Most things that morally adhere to soules, Wholly exist in drunke opinion. a1704 LOCKE (J.), That combination does not always exist together in nature. 1786 H. TOOKE Purley (1860) 201 A quality which..would make me rather chuse..to exist a mastiff or a mule. 1807 CRABBE Par. Reg. I. 609 But though no weed exists his garden round. 1823 H. J. BROOKE Introd. Crystallogr. 165 The character of the modifying planes..may..be considered to exist in all the prisms belonging to this class. 1833 N. ARNOTT Physics (ed. 5) II. I. 122 Which substances..usually exist as airs. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. xv. 102 A space of a foot existed between ice and water.

3. To have life or animation; to live.
1828 SCOTT F.M. Perth xxxii, The Prince of Scotland was not to be murdered..he was only to cease to exist.

4. To continue in being, maintain an existence.
1790 BURNS Let. to P. Hill 2 Mar., We are under a cursed necessity of studying selfishness, in order that we may exist. 1791 BURKE Corr. (1844) III. 359 That government is strong indeed which can exist under contempt. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian Prol., How does he contrive to exist here?

[Oxford English Dictionary]

2. solipsist

A. n. One who accepts the theory of solipsism.
1891 Cent. Dict., Solipsist,..one who believes in his own existence only. 1898 Q. Rev. Jan. 65 A philosophy..in which, if consistent, we become subjective idealists and solipsists.

B. adj. Favouring or characterized by solipsism; also in weakened sense.
1903 A. E. TAYLOR Elements of Metaphysics III. ii. 202 Why..did Berkeley..accept neither the solipsist nor the sceptical conclusion? 1927 V. MCNABB Cath. Ch. & Philos. iii. 101 His [sc. Kant's] own words are ingenuously solipsist! 1972 Last Whole Earth Catalog 16/2 Solipsist tyrants, believing that their will, like their eyeballs, could move mountains, have come to believe that it should trample over these small annoying figures in their visual field.

 

False Flag

False flag
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


False flag operations are covert operations conducted by governments, corporations, or other organizations, which are designed to appear as if they are being carried out by other entities. The name is derived from the military concept of flying false colors; that is, flying the flag of a country other than one's own. Terrorist attacks may sometimes be in fact false flag operations, as in the Italian strategy of tension in which several bombings in the 1970s, attributed to far-left organizations, were in fact carried on by far-right organizations cooperating with the Italian secret services. Elsewhere in Europe, the Mouvement d'Action et Défense Masada, supposedly a Zionist group, was really a neo-fascist terrorist group which hoped to increase tension between Arabs and Jews in France.